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The document outlines practical laboratory exercises in animal physiology for students at the Lebanese University, focusing on blood parameters, excretory functions, semen quality, and ovarian function in livestock. Study of Blood Parameters in Livestock This section focuses on various blood parameters and their measurement techniques in different animal species. It includes practical exercises such as blood cell counting, hemoglobin measurement, and heart dissection. Manual blood cell counting in at least two species (bovine, ovine, poultry, human). Hemoglobin measurement in at least two livestock species. Assessment of globular resistance or hemolysis and hematocrit value through blood centrifugation. Measurement of blood pressure and blood flow (YouTube reference). Dissection of hearts from multiple species (bovine, ovine, poultry). Role of Excretory System in Homeostasis This topic examines the renal function and its significance in maintaining body equilibrium. It includes practical dissection of kidneys from various species. Overview of renal function (YouTube reference). Dissection of kidneys from different species (bovine, ovine, poultry). Evaluation of Semen Quality This section addresses the assessment of semen quality through physical and microscopic evaluation, including the preparation of semen for freezing. Physical and microscopic evaluation of fresh and frozen semen. Dilution of semen for preparation of straws (YouTube reference). Dissection of testicles from ovine species. Overview of spermatogenesis (C.T.). Ovarian Function in Female Livestock This part focuses on the ovarian function in female livestock, including observations and dissections of reproductive organs. Observation of ovaries in cows or ewes, measuring follicles and corpus luteum (YouTube reference). Dissection of the reproductive system in ewes or cows (YouTube reference). Overview of folliculogenesis in ovaries (C.T.). Guidelines for Practical Report Presentation This section provides instructions for preparing and presenting the practical report effectively. Report must be clear, complete, and typed. Include title, names of group members, and date on the first page. Structure: Introduction, method, results (with tables/graphs), discussion, measurement errors, conclusion, and references. Avoid rewriting the TP sheet text in the introduction and method sections. Counting Blood Cells Using Manual Methods The manual counting of blood cells involves precise techniques to determine the number of red and white blood cells in a given volume of blood. This process utilizes a calibrated counting chamber and specific diluents for accurate results. Blood is diluted using specific solutions for red and white blood cells. Red blood cells are diluted at a ratio of 1:200, while white blood cells are diluted at a ratio of 1:20. The counting is performed under a microscope, focusing on specific areas of the counting chamber. The formula for calculating the number of cells per mm³ is provided, taking into account the dilution factor and volume of the counting area. Standard values for red and white blood cells vary across species, with specific ranges provided for bovines, ovines, caprines, equines, and poultry. Hemoglobin Measurement in Blood The measurement of hemoglobin concentration in blood is essential for assessing respiratory pigment levels. Hemoglobin levels vary by species and are influenced by factors such as age and sex. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the primary respiratory pigment in vertebrates, with 90% of red blood cell solid content being Hb. The concentration of Hb is higher in mammals compared to other vertebrates, with specific ratios provided. The measurement involves mixing blood with hydrochloric acid to form a colored solution, which is then compared to a standard for quantification. Normal Hb levels range from 13.5% to 16% in humans, with variations noted for different species. Assessing Red Blood Cell Fragility The fragility of red blood cells is assessed through their response to hypotonic solutions, which can cause hemolysis. This test is crucial for understanding the resilience of red blood cells under varying osmotic conditions. The experiment involves preparing a series of saline solutions with decreasing concentrations. Red blood cells are added to these solutions to observe hemolysis at different concentrations. Initial hemolysis indicates the concentration at which some cells lyse, while total hemolysis shows complete lysis of all cells. The results help determine the osmotic tolerance of red blood cells. Measuring Hematocrit Levels Hematocrit (Ht) measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. This value is important for evaluating blood composition and health status. Hematocrit is calculated as the volume of formed elements divided by the total blood volume. Normal Ht values are approximately 42-48% in humans, with variations noted in other species. The measurement is performed using a centrifuge to separate plasma from cellular components. Evaluation of Fresh and Frozen Semen The evaluation of semen quality, both fresh and frozen, is essential for successful artificial insemination. Various parameters are assessed to determine viability and motility. Fresh semen is diluted with a specific solution to maintain viability for short-term use. Physical evaluation includes assessing volume, appearance, and contamination. Microscopic evaluation focuses on sperm motility, viability, and morphology. Frozen semen requires careful thawing and assessment of sperm quality post-thawing. Observing Ovarian Function and Follicular Development The study of ovarian function involves observing follicular development and the characteristics of ovarian cells. This is crucial for understanding reproductive physiology. Ovaries are collected for examination, and follicle sizes are measured. The liquid follicular content is analyzed for cellular composition. The viability of granulosa cells is assessed using trypan blue staining. Observations include the structure of follicles and the presence of ovocytes. Dissection of Animal Organs for Physiological Study Dissection of various animal organs, such as the heart and kidneys, provides insights into their structure and function. This hands-on approach enhances understanding of animal physiology. The heart dissection reveals the organization of chambers and valves, with specific attention to blood flow pathways. Kidney dissection allows for the observation of renal structures and the filtration process. Detailed observations and measurements are recorded to understand organ function and anatomy.